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| birth_date = | birth_place = Copenhagen, Denmark | nationality = Danish | death_date = | death_place = Copenhagen, Denmark | alma_mater = University of Copenhagen | era = 19th-century philosophy | region = Western philosophy | school_tradition = | main_interests = | notable_ideas = | influences = | influenced = | signature = Kierkegaard sig.png | signature_alt = A signature, in a forward-slanting cursive script, which reads "S. Kierkegaard." }} Søren Aabye Kierkegaard ( or ; ; 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet, social critic and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.〔Swenson, David F. ''Something About Kierkegaard'', Mercer University Press, 2000.〕〔A New View of the Relation Pastor—Poet in the Sphere of Religion -- Christianity has of course known very well what it wanted. It wants to be proclaimed by witnesses-that is, by persons who proclaim the teaching and also existentially express it. The modern notion of a pastor as it is now is a complete misunderstanding. Since pastors also presumably should express the essentially Christian, they have quite rightly discovered how to relax the requirement, abolish the ideal. What is to be done now? Yes, now we must prepare for another tactical advance. First a detachment of poets; almost sinking under the demands of the ideal, with the glow of a certain unhappy love they set forth the ideal. Present-day pastors may now take second rank. These religious poets must have the particular ability to do the kind of writing that helps people out into the current. When this has happened, when a generation has grown up that from childhood on has received the pathos-filled impression of an existential expression of the ideal, the monastery and the genuine witnesses of the truth will both come again. This is how far behind the cause of Christianity is in our time. The first and foremost task is to create pathos, with the superiority of intelligence, imagination, penetration, and wit to guarantee pathos for the existential, which “the understanding” has reduced to the ludicrous. ''JP VI 6521 Pap. X2 A 157) n.d. 1849''〕 He wrote critical texts on organized religion, Christendom, morality, ethics, psychology, and the philosophy of religion, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and parables. Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment. He was against literary critics who defined idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time. Swedenborg,〔Emanuel, Swedenborg (''The Soul, or Rational Psychology'' ) translated by Tafel, J. F. I. 1796-1863, also see ''Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses'', Hong trans., p. 332ff (''The Thorn in the Flesh'') (arrogance)〕 Hegel,〔Søren Kierkegaard 1846, ''Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments'', Hong p. 310-311〕 Goethe,〔See (Book Twelve of ''Goethe's Autobiography'' )〕 Fichte, Schelling, Schlegel and Hans Christian Andersen were all "understood" far too quickly by "scholars".〔''Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments'', A Mimical-Pathetic-Dialectical Compilation an Existential Contribution Volume I, by Johannes Climacus, edited by Soren Kierkegaard, Copyright Feb 28, 1846 – Edited and Translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong 1992 Princeton University Press p. 9-10〕 Kierkegaard's theological work focuses on Christian ethics, the institution of the Church, the differences between purely objective proofs of Christianity, the infinite qualitative distinction between man and God, and the individual's subjective relationship to the God-Man Jesus the Christ,〔''Point of View'' by Lowrie, p. 41, ''Practice in Christianity'', Hong trans., 1991, Chapter VI, p. 233ff, Søren Kierkegaard 1847 ''Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits'', Hong p. 225-226, ''Works of Love'' IIIA, p. 91ff〕 which came through faith.〔Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments, Hong trans., pp. 15–17, 555–610 Either/Or Vol II, pp. 14, 58, 216–217, 250 Hong〕 Much of his work deals with Christian love. He was extremely critical of the practice of Christianity as a state religion, primarily that of the Church of Denmark. His psychological work explored the emotions and feelings of individuals when faced with life choices. Kierkegaard's early work was written under various pseudonyms that he used to present distinctive viewpoints and to interact with each other in complex dialogue. He explored particularly complex problems from different viewpoints, each under a different pseudonym. He wrote many ''Upbuilding Discourses'' under his own name and dedicated them to the "single individual" who might want to discover the meaning of his works. Notably, he wrote: "Science〔Soren Kierkegaard, ''Works of Love'', 1847 Hong 1995 p. 283〕 and scholarship want to teach that becoming objective is the way. Christianity teaches that the way is to become subjective, to become a subject."〔Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Hong trans., 1992, p. 131〕 While scientists can learn about the world by observation, Kierkegaard emphatically denied that observation could reveal the inner workings of the world of the spirit.〔''Philosophical Fragments'' and ''Concluding Postscript'' both deal with the impossibility of an objectively demonstrated Christianity, also Repetition, Lowrie 1941 p 114-115, Hong p. 207-211〕 Some of Kierkegaard's key ideas include the concept of ''"Truth as Subjectivity"'', the knight of faith, the recollection and repetition dichotomy, angst, the infinite qualitative distinction, faith as a passion, and the three stages on life's way. Kierkegaard's writings were written in Danish and were initially limited to Scandinavia, but by the turn of the 20th century, his writings were translated into major European languages, such as French and German. By the mid-20th century, his thought exerted a substantial influence on philosophy,〔Stewart, Jon. (Ed.) ''Kierkegaard's Influence on Philosophy'', Volume 11, Tomes I-III. Ashgate, 2012.〕 theology,〔Stewart, Jon. (Ed.) ''Kierkegaard's Influence on Theology'', Volume 10, Tomes I-III. Ashgate, 2012.〕 and Western culture.〔Stewart, Jon. (Ed.) ''Kierkegaard's Influence on Literature and Criticism, Social Science, and Social-Political Thought'', Volumes 12–14. Ashgate, 2012.〕 ==Early years (1813–1836)== Søren Kierkegaard was born to an affluent family in Copenhagen. His mother, Ane Sørensdatter Lund Kierkegaard, had served as a maid in the household before marrying his father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard. She was an unassuming figure: quiet, plain, and not formally educated but Henriette Lund, her granddaughter, wrote that she "wielded the sceptre with joy and protected (and Peter ) like a hen protecting her chicks".〔''Glimpses and Impressions of Kierkegaard'', Thomas Henry Croxall, James Nisbet & Co 1959 p. 51 The quote came from ''Henriette Lund's Recollections of Søren Kierkegaard'' written in 1876 and published in 1909 Søren was her uncle. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001396450〕 His father was a "very stern man, to all appearances dry and prosaic, but under his 'rustic cloak' demeanor he concealed an active imagination which not even his great age could blunt."〔Johannes Climacus by Søren Kierkegaard, p. 17〕 He read the philosophy of Christian Wolff.〔, (p. 13 )〕 Kierkegaard preferred the comedies of Ludvig Holberg, the writings of Georg Johann Hamann,〔Kierkegaard's indebtedness to the Anti-Enlightenment author is explained in this book by Smith (G Hamann 1730–1788 A Study In Christian Existence ) (1960) by Ronald Gregor Smith〕 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing,〔''Either/Or Part I'' Swenson, 1944, 1959 p. 1967ff Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Hong trans., p. 72ff〕 Edward Young〔''Either/Or Part I'' title page, ''Stages on Life's Way'', p. 150, 216, 339〕 and Plato, especially those referring to Socrates. Copenhagen in the 1830s and 1840s had crooked streets where carriages rarely went. Kierkegaard loved to walk them. In 1848, Kierkegaard wrote, "I had real Christian satisfaction in the thought that, if there were no other, there was definitely one man in Copenhagen whom every poor person could freely accost and converse with on the street; that, if there were no other, there was one man who, whatever the society he most commonly frequented, did not shun contact with the poor, but greeted every maidservant he was acquainted with, every manservant, every common laborer."〔''The Point of View of My Work as An Author'': ''A Report to History'' by Søren Kierkegaard, written in 1848, published in 1859 by his brother Peter Kierkegaard Translated with introduction and notes by Walter Lowrie, 1962, Harper Torchbooks, pp. 48–49〕 Our Lady's Church was at one end of the city, where Bishop Mynster preached the Gospel. At the other end was the Royal Theatre where Fru Heiberg performed. Based on a speculative interpretation of anecdotes in Kierkegaard's unpublished journals, especially a rough draft of a story called "The Great Earthquake", some early Kierkegaard scholars argued that Michael believed he had earned God's wrath and that none of his children would outlive him. He is said to have believed that his personal sins, perhaps indiscretions such as cursing the name of God in his youth or impregnating Ane out of wedlock, necessitated this punishment. Though five of his seven children died before he did, both Kierkegaard and his brother Peter Christian Kierkegaard outlived him.〔 Peter, who was seven years Kierkegaard's elder, later became bishop in Aalborg.〔 Julia Watkin thought Micheal's early interest in the Moravian Church could have led him to a deep sense of the devastating affects of sin.〔Outstanding Christian Thinkers, Soren Kierkegaard 1997 p. 8ff - Watkin taught philosophy at University of Tasmania and ran ''The Kierkegaard Research Center''〕 Kierkegaard came to hope that no one would retain their sins even though they have been forgiven. And by the same token that no one who truly believed in the forgiveness of sin would live their own life as an objection against the existence of forgiveness.〔Papers VI B 13 n.d 14-145, Søren Kierkegaard Works of Love, Hong p. 380 (1848), Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Hong p. 226ff, Sickness Unto Death, Hannay p. 154ff〕 He made the point that Cato committed suicide before Caesar had a chance to forgive him. This fear of not finding forgiveness is devastating.〔Caesar did many an illustrious deed, but even if nothing were preserved but one single statement he is supposed to have made, I would admire him. After Cato committed suicide, Caesar is supposed to have said, "There Cato wrested from me my most beautiful victory, for I would have forgiven him." ''Stages on Life's Way'', Hong p. 384, 481-485 he wrote more about this in 1847 and linked forgiveness to self-denial. In eternity you will not be asked how large a fortune you are leaving behind-the survivors ask about that; or about how many battles you won, about how sagacious you were, how powerful your influence-that after all, becomes your reputation for posterity. No, eternity will not ask about what worldly things you leave behind you in the world. But it will ask about what riches you have gathered in heaven, about how often you conquered your own mind, about what control you have exercised over yourself or whether you have been a slave, about how often you have mastered yourself in self-denial or whether you have never done so, about how often you in self-denial have been willing to make a sacrifice for a good cause or whether you were never willing, about how often you in self-denial have forgiven your enemy, whether seven times or seventy times seven times, about how often you have suffered, not for your own sake, for your own selfish interests’ sake, but what you in self-denial have suffered for God’s sake. Søren Kierkegaard 1847 ''Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits'', Hong p. 223-224〕〔Johann Goethe was also very much interested in suicide and wrote about it in his autobiography where he described external methods used for committing suicide (''Suicide from Goethe's Autobiography'' )〕 Edna H. Hong quoted Kierkegaard in her 1984 book, ''Forgiveness is a Work As Well As a Grace'' and Kierkegaard wrote about forgiveness in 1847.〔Edna Hong, ''Forgiveness is a Work as Well as a Grace'', 1984 Augsburg Publishing House p. 58.〕〔Søren Kierkegaard 1847 ''Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits'', Hong p. 246-247.〕〔Søren Kierkegaard ''Works of Love'', 1847 Hong p. 342-344, 384-385.〕 In 1954, Samuel Barber set to music Kierkegaard's prayer, "Father in Heaven! Hold not our sins up against us but hold us up against our sins so that the thought of You when it wakens in our soul, and each time it wakens, should not remind us of what we have committed but of what You did forgive, not of how we went astray but of how You did save us!". In 1830, Kierkegaard attended the School of Civic Virtue, Østre Borgerdyd Gymnasium, when the school was situated in Klarebodeme, where he studied Latin and history among other subjects. He went on to study theology at the University of Copenhagen. He had little interest in historical works, philosophy dissatisfied him, and he couldn't see "dedicating himself to Speculation".〔Johannes Climacus by Søren Kierkegaard, p. 29〕 He said, "What I really need to do is to get clear about "what am I to do", not what I must know". He wanted to "lead a completely human life and not merely one of knowledge."〔Kierkegaard's Journals Gilleleie, 1 August 1835. Either/Or Vol II pp. 361–362〕 Kierkegaard didn't want to be a philosopher in the traditional or Hegelian sense〔Johannes Climacus by Søren Kierkegaard, pp. 22–23, 29–30, 32–33, 67–70, 74–76〕 and he didn't want to preach a Christianity that was an illusion.〔Point of View by Lowrie, pp. 28–30〕 "But he had learned from his father that one can do what one wills, and his father's life had not discredited this theory."〔Johannes Climacus by Søren Kierkegaard, p. 23〕 One of the first physical descriptions of Kierkegaard comes from an attendee, Hans Brøchner, at his brother Peter's wedding party in 1836: "I found (appearance ) almost comical. He was then twenty-three years old; he had something quite irregular in his entire form and had a strange coiffure. His hair rose almost six inches above his forehead into a tousled crest that gave him a strange, bewildered look."〔 Also available in ''Encounters With Kierkegaard: A Life As Seen by His Contemporaries'', p. 225.〕 Another comes from Kierkegaard's niece, Henriette Lund (1829–1909), When Søren Kierkegaard was a little boy he "was of slender and delicate appearance, and ran about in a little coat of red-cabbage color. He used to be called ‘fork’ by his father, because of his tendency, developed quite early, toward satirical remarks. Although a serious, almost austere tone pervaded the Kierkegaard’s house, I have the firm impression that there was a place for youthful vivacity too, even though of a more sedate and home-made kind than one is used to nowadays. The house was open for an 'old-fashioned hospitality'. " (1876)〔Thomas H Croxall, ''Glimpses & Impressions of Kierkegaard'', 1959, James Nisbet & Co. Ltd. From ‘Recollections From Home’ by Henriette Lund, p. 49〕 Kierkegaard's mother "was a nice little woman with an even and happy disposition," according to a grandchild's description. She was never mentioned in Kierkegaard's works. Ane died on 31 July 1834, age 66, possibly from typhus.〔''Kierkegaard'' by Josiah Thompson, Published by Alfred P. Knoff, inc, 1973 pp. 14–15, 43–44 ISBN 0-394-47092-3〕 His father died on 8 August 1838, age 82. On 11 August, Kierkegaard wrote: "My father died on Wednesday (the 8th) at 2:00 a.m. I so deeply desired that he might have lived a few years more... Right now I feel there is only one person (E. Boesen) with whom I can really talk about him. He was a 'faithful friend.'"〔''Journals & Papers of Søren Kierkegaard'' IIA 11 August 1838〕 Troels Frederik Lund, his nephew, was instrumental in providing biographers with much information regarding Søren Kierkegaard. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Søren Kierkegaard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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